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The Last-Hour Edge: What University Research Says About Intraday Momentum

July 9, 2026 · 7 min read

Here's a trading idea that isn't from a guru — it's from a peer-reviewed finance journal. A study called "Market Intraday Momentum" found that how the market moves in the first half-hour of the day tends to predict how it moves in the last half-hour. If the morning was strong, the close was often strong too. This is a real, testable edge — and it maps cleanly onto a strategy you can build.

Who found it, and where

The paper was written by Lei Gao, Yufeng Han, Sophia Zhengzi Li, and Guofu Zhou, and published in the Journal of Financial Economics in 2018 — one of the top three finance journals in the world. It's not a blog post; it went through years of academic peer review.

What they actually did

They took 20+ years of minute-by-minute data on the S&P 500 ETF (ticker SPY) from 1993 to 2013. For each day, they measured the return of the first 30 minutes (from the prior day's close to 10:00am) and the return of the last 30 minutes (into the 4:00pm close). Then they asked: does the first predict the last? The answer was yes — clearly, and in a way that was too strong to be luck. The effect was stronger on high-volatility days, high-volume days, and big news days.

Why it should work

Two plain-English reasons. First, under-reaction: traders who see a strong morning don't fully price it in until the day forces them to, near the close. Second, late positioning: big players who need to get in or out often do it in the last half-hour, pushing price the same way it started. It's a behavioral and structural story, not magic.

Does it still hold — honestly?

The paper is on stocks (an S&P 500 ETF). Futures traders (MNQ, MES) track the same index, so the idea travels well — but you must test it yourself, because an edge on 1993–2013 stock data isn't a guarantee on today's futures. Effects like this can also shrink once they're published and widely known. That's the whole point of testing before trusting.

Build it in TapeScript

The strategy writes itself: "At 3:30pm, if today's return since the open is positive, go long into the close; if it's negative, go short. Exit at the close." Type that in plain English, and TapeScript turns it into PineScript and Python, backtests it with zero lookahead on real index-futures history, and tells you if the last-hour edge is actually there on the instrument and years you care about — then it will show you which sessions and volatility regimes it works best in (the paper says high-volatility days; you can verify that directly).

Citation: Gao, L., Han, Y., Li, S. Z., & Zhou, G. (2018). "Market Intraday Momentum." Journal of Financial Economics, 129(2), 394–414. Read it on SSRN.

Test the last-hour edge yourself →

Frequently asked questions

What is intraday momentum?

The tendency for the direction of the market early in the trading day to carry through to later in the same day — specifically, research found the first half-hour's return predicts the last half-hour's return on the S&P 500 ETF.

Is intraday momentum a proven strategy?

The pattern is documented in a peer-reviewed Journal of Financial Economics study on 20+ years of S&P 500 data. That makes it a credible, testable hypothesis — but you should still backtest it on your specific instrument and timeframe before trading it, since published edges can weaken over time.

Does intraday momentum work on futures?

The study used a stock ETF, but index futures like MNQ and MES track the same index, so the idea transfers naturally. The honest answer is to test it directly on futures data, which is exactly what a backtester is for.

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